To understand who gives what to which charitable goals, we must assess the accuracy of the data used to answer these questions. In other words, we need to evaluate whether the studies on giving by individuals, corporations, foundations, and charity lotteries truly measure what they intend to. Gathering such data is more complex than it may appear. Responses can vary depending on how questions are framed, the number of prompts, and the survey's length. Different methodologies yield different results. Therefore, to compile each country profile, contributors were asked to describe the background of the data available concerning philanthropic donations in 2022. This included the data sources (e.g., secondary sources or population surveys), the frequency of data collection (if applicable), and the most recent data year. Information about the target populations included statements on representativeness, response rates, and validity. Contributors also described the questionnaires used, data collection tools, and internal validity. Further details included the data sources' sponsors, accessibility (public or private, including any costs), location, availability, and related studies. Lastly, they outlined the background variables included in the datasets. To assess data quality, we considered representativeness, validity, the availability of categorisation by philanthropic goals, and whether relevant background variables were included.

This publication presents a rich and multifaceted picture of the philanthropic landscape in Europe. Its primary contribution lies in the depth and diversity of the country-level analyses, which together illuminate how different forms of giving operate within distinct national, institutional, and cultural contexts. Taken as a whole, the study offers the most comprehensive overview of European philanthropy currently possible on the basis of available data. At the same time, there is clear value in drawing these findings together. This concluding chapter synthesises the results of the country reports, presents key figures and aggregate estimates of philanthropic giving across Europe, and reviews the availability and quality of the underlying data. It also reflects on observed trends over time and considers what the findings suggest for the future development of philanthropy in Europe.

For all the similarities in their welfare states, the Nordic countries show significant differences in the level of marketization of publicly funded welfare services. Sweden stands out as a country with a high level of welfare state marketization, both in comparison with the other Nordic countries and in a wider international comparison. This chapter will take this difference in level of marketization between the otherwise similar Nordic countries as its starting point for a description of Sweden as a deviant case regarding the development of co-production practices. It will be argued that the exceptional levels of marketization in Sweden are leading the practice and definition of co-production on a path divergent from that in the neighbouring countries.

Aim: To examine the associations of interpersonal justice with work engagement and burnout among hospital nurses in Japan, and to test whether job satisfaction moderates these relationships.

Design: A cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling (SEM), grounded in job demands–resources framework.MethodsSurvey data were collected between 2016 and 2017 from 2773 nurses across 10 Japanese hospitals. Interpersonal justice was operationalized using workplace fairness and gender equality indicators. Work engagement and burnout were measured using study-specific indicators. SEM was used to test direct and moderated pathways, with theoretically justified modifications to the measurement model resulting in acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.052; CFI = 0.987; TLI = 0.976; SRMR = 0.023).

Results: Interpersonal justice was independently associated with higher work engagement (β = 0.28, p < 0.001) and lower burnout (β = −0.28, p < 0.001). Job satisfaction also predicted both outcomes but did not moderate the effects of interpersonal justice. These findings suggest that fair and equal work environments support nurse well-being regardless of overall job satisfaction.

Conclusion: Interpersonal justice represents an important component of healthy work environments that may inform management interventions aimed at strengthening the nursing workforce in Japan and similar contexts.

Domestic violence shelters are a vital service for abused women and children. The Women's Shelter Movement has historically provided this support. Recently, Sweden has shifted toward marketizing shelters, increasing demands for formalization, and allowing for-profit organizations. This study analyzes policy documents from the 1980s to the present to examine the causes of this shift, its implications for the Women's Shelter Movement, and the accessibility of shelters for abused women. The findings show that the role of women's shelters has changed; public policy has redefined the movement, and reforms have made shelters less accessible for abused women.

I den här rapporten utforskar vi platsens betydelse för det ideella arbetet iidrottsorganisationer. En av de främsta styrkorna i idrottsrörelsen är att den är verkligt rikstäckande. Samtidigt kan det vara en utmaning för rörelsen att Sveriges många idrottsorganisationer verkar under förmodat olika förutsättningar i olika delar av landet. Exempelvis kan det vara svårt att gemensamt lösa problem för idrottsrörelsens organisationer då problemen kan se helt olika ut på olika platser. Hur mycket har ideellt idrottsengagemang gemensamt på vitt skilda platser iSverige? Står idrottsorganisationer i stad och land inför liknande utmaningar eller har platsen så stor betydelse att man snarare bör tala om flera idrottsrörelser i stället för en? För att få större klarhet i detta har vi undersökt ideellt arbete i idrottsorganisationer, utfört av individer med olika egenskaper (kön, ålder, socioekonomi osv.), på fyra sorters platser: landsbygd, småort, centralort och storstad. Vi utgick från ett omfattande statistiskt material om medborgerligt engagemang som samlats in med hjälp av enkäter till allmänheten i hela Sverige. Analysen av det ideella arbetet på de fyra olika sorternas platser presenteras uppdelat på sex olika sakområden. Det första området är det ideella arbetets omfattning på de olika platserna, mätt i andelen av befolkningen som gör insatser och hur mycket tid de lägger ner. Det andra området är en bred samlingskategori som vi kallar struktur, som bland annat inbegriper i vilken utsträckning personer som arbetar ideellt i idrottsorganisationer också arbetar ideellt i andra ideella organisationer, samt graden av professionalisering i idrottsorganisationer på olika platser. Därpå följer området kön, som täcker in både generell könsfördelning i det ideellaarbetet, och könsfördelning för olika typer av insatser. Området ålder kartlägger särskilt skillnader i ålderstrukturen på olika platser vad gäller de yngsta och äldsta ideellt arbetande i idrottsrörelsen. Det femte området är socioekonomi inom vilket skillnader mellan platser med olika inkomst och utbildningsnivå presenteras. Avslutningsvis redovisas det sjätte området, motiv och värderingar, som fokuserar på likheter och skillnader i motiv till att arbeta ideellt i idrottsorganisationer, och vilka värderingar som personer på olika platser har i fråga om det ideella arbetets betydelse. Resultaten från den här rapporten visar att det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan platser vad gäller omfattning, struktur, kön, ålder och socioekonomi. Intressant nog är motiven till idrottsengagemang, och framför allt värderingarna gentemot det, relativt samstämmiga på olika platser. En slutsats kan alltså sägas vara att förutsättningarna för idrottsengagemang på olika platser skiljer sig åt, men att idrottsrörelsen ändå hålls samman av ett nationellt samförstånd om det ideella arbetets mening och betydelse.

The purpose of this report is to explore the significance of place for voluntary work in sports organisations in Sweden. One of the main strengths of the Swedish Sports Confederation is that it is truly national in the sense of being present across Sweden. It can, however, also be a challenge for the movement that sports organisations in different parts of Sweden operate under often quite different conditions. As a confederation, it can, as a consequence, be a challenge to solve common problems when the problems facing sports organisations vary across space. In this report, we ask how much in common sports organisations in different places in Sweden have. Are sports organisations in the countryside facing the same kind of challenges as sports organisations in the big cities, or are differences across space so great that it is difficult to speak of one unitary sports movement? To better understand the situation and to start answering the questions arising, we have studied voluntary work in sports organisations in four types of places; rural places, small towns, large towns and big cities. The study is based on the analysis of statistical material pertaining to citizen participation. It was collected using a survey study directed at a sample of the general public across the country. Our data analysis allowed us to ask questions about both voluntary work by individuals with different characteristics (gender, age, socioeconomic, etc.), and by people in different types of places. The analysis of the voluntary work in the four different places is divided into six different themes. The first theme concerns the extent to which voluntary work is performed, both with regard to the share of the population volunteering and the number of hours they spend doing so. The second theme is summarized by the term structure, a broad theme that includes both measurements of how often sports volunteers also volunteer in other types of organisations, and the level of professionalisation of sports organisations in different places. Thereafter follows the theme gender, which covers both the general gender distribution in volunteering, and the gender distribution of different specific volunteer tasks. The theme age pays particular attention to volunteering by the youngest and oldest age categories among volunteers. A further theme is socioeconomic, in which places with different typical income levels and levels of education are compared. Lastly, under the theme motives and values, differences in reasons for volunteering and attitudes towards volunteering are compared and analysed. The results from this report shows how there are significant differences between the four types of places, with regard to extent, structure, gender, age and socioeconomy. However, the motives for volunteering, and especially the attitudes towards volunteering, are relatively consistent across all places. A conclusion from the report is, therefore, that the conditions for volunteering in sports organisations vary between places, but that the national sports movement is held together by a shared understanding of the meaning and importance of voluntary work.

Background: Worker participation, reflecting perceptions of control and influence in one's work environment, is known to buffer job stress and promote employee wellbeing, but opportunities for participation are influenced by organizational dynamics. In Japan, hospitals operate under various organizational structures characterized by distinct governance, culture, and values. How these structural differences shape worker participation and, ultimately, health remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore how organizational structure influences worker participation and the subsequent impact on perceived health among Japanese hospital employees.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 6,859 employees across 10 hospitals representing three organizational structures: Japanese Health and Welfare Co-operative Federation, Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Welfare Union, and public hospitals. Worker participation was measured using two indices: (1) discretion over work, and (2) opportunities to express opinions. Self-rated health was assessed using a single item. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare worker participation scores across organizational structures and self-health ratings. Then, ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of better self-rated health per unit increase in participation index scores. Finally, multilevel modeling was used to analyze the association between health and participation, adjusting for demographic and work-related covariates and accounting for clustering by organizational structure.

Results: Worker participation scores varied significantly by organizational structure; they were highest in the more cooperative structures and lowest in the more hierarchical public structure. Each one-point increase in Index 1 and Index 2 scores was associated with 38% (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.28–1.49, p < 0.001) and 49% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.39–1.60, p < 0.001) higher odds of better self-rated health, respectively. Notably, the positive association between worker participation and health was largely consistent across organizational structures, with organizational structure contributing minimally (ICC = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.001–0.027) to self-rated health beyond worker participation.

Conclusions: Organizational structure shapes worker participation, which in turn positively predicts self‑rated health among Japanese hospital employees. Policies and practices that foster participatory work environments, including enhancing employee discretion and voice, offer a practical and scalable approach to improving healthcare workforce wellbeing across varied settings.